Hydrogen tutorial

# Tutorial This is a collection of four tutorials that build on each other. Each tutorial cover one specific area. You will learn how to: - Size storage tanks under thermodynamic and mechanical constraints. - Analyze the effect of filling rates on temperature and leakage. - Pressurization and boil-off during storage with heat ingress. - Maintaining temperature and reducing leakage while extracting fuel during flight. !!! Note We expect you to already be familar with these features and workflows of Modelon Impact: - Loading Workspace - Setting up experiments - Modifying parameters ## Introduction Hydrogen, to be used as fuel on an aircraft, first needs to be stored so it can be consumed during the flight. This is typically done either at high pressure around 6 or 7 hundred bar in its gaseous state or at a low temperature near -250°C in the liquid state. ## 1.Tank Sizing In this section, we will be using tank sizing models from the **Vapor Cycle Library**. They use cryogenic tank sizing methods suggested by Colozza [1] and by Huete and Pilidis [2]. Geometric parameters are determined by considering the key design factors of mechanical strength, structural design, heat transfer, insulation, dormancy and, oil-off. A revised dormancy estimation methodology by Sielemann et al [3] is used.

## 2. Refueling In this section, we continue from the Tank sizing to test the tanks that were sized with different filling rates.

## 3. Storage of Fuel This next section is about observing the temperature and pressure evolution of a filled hydrogen tank. When ambient heat ingresses through the tank insulation, the temperature will increase and so will the pressure with thermal expansion.

## 4. Fuel Consumption This section is about observing the temperature and pressure evolution in the tanks when considering the changing ambient heat ingress based on altitude and the flow rate of liquid fuel extraction for the required propulsion for a flight mission. We will define boundary conditions for the tank based on a flight profile and use the prior models to quickly get new experiments running.

## Reference page ### Bibiliography **[Colozza, A. J., and Kohout, L.,]** Hydrogen storage for aircraft applications overview," Tech.rep., 2002. 3:2. 2015. **[Huete, J. A., Pilidis, P.]** ”Parametric study on tank integration for hydrogen civil aviation propulsion,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46, 2021. **[Sielemann, M., Huete, J. A., Andersson, D., Nguyen, A., Coic, C]** “Case study in design and transient analysis of hydrogen-propelled aircraft using direct combustion,” American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2023.